Selektivitas Hadis-Hadis Nabi: Materi Ceramah Ramadhan (2)
Lanjutan ….
Adapun produk tertulis yang sudah dihasilkan dari rekaman tulis atau kitab-kitab yang ditulis oleh sahabat, antara lain adalah:[5]
- Shahifah Shadiqah, ditulis oleh Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin Ash. Kata penulisnya yang juga hafal 1.000 hadis, “tidak ada yang lebih menyenangkan diriku di dunia ini, kecuali Shahifah Shadiqah …,” yang hadis-hadisnya banyak direkam dalam Musnad Imam Ahmad.
- Shahifah Ali ibn Abi Thalib, yang berisi rekaman hadis-hadis tentang ketentuan hukum, diyat, dan pembebasan tawanan.
- Shahifah Sa’ad bin Ubadah, ditulis oleh Sa’ad ibn Ubadah, seorang sahabat senior. Al-Turmudzi meriwayatkan di dalam kitab Sunannya, dari sahabat senior ini, seraya berkata, “kami temukan dalam kitab Sa’d bahwa Rasul saw menjatuhkan hukuman berdaarkan sumpah dan seorang saksi ….”
- Surat-surat Rasulullah. Buku ini berisi surat-surat kepada para gubernur dan pegawai beliau berkenaan dengan pengaturan wilayah Islam dan negara-negara terdekat, serta penjelasan hukum-hukum agama. Surat-surat tersebut cukup banyak, mengandung hukum-hukum, akidah Islam, strategi pengembangan, penjelasan nishab dan kadar zakat, diyat, hal-hal yang haram, dll.[6]
Dari kutipan di atas dapat dipahami, bila di masa Nabi dan para sahabat, sudah ditulis dan dibukukan hadis-hadis itu. Terutama yang dilakukan secara personal, yang diantara produk terbitan tertulisnya sudah sampai di tangan kita.
Dalam keterbatasannya, hadis ini tidak dibahas pada kajian seminar ini; dapat diungkap juga pada kesempatan yang lain.
Selanjutnya kembali pada topik yang diangkat dalam seminar ini, yang melakukan aktivitas yang dari sudut pandang kedua ini ketika dilacak kuantitasnya berjumlah cukup banyak, dan tulisannya meliputi begitu banyak data manuskrip yang bermanfaat untuk disalin serta dibukukan pada masa-masa kemudian.
Hadis-Hadis Untuk Dakwah
Dalam perkembangan penerbitan hadis yang begitu pesat sekarang, hadis yang sudah ada di tengah-tengah kita begitu banyak jumlahnya. Itupun ada yang dibukukan dalam naskah tercetak dalam buku-buku atau kitab-kitab, ada juga yang sudah berhasil dimuat dalam bentu digital. Kedua model dijelaskan di bawah ini.
Kitab-kitab hadis itu dapat diklasifikasi kepada dua macam kitab hadis, yaitu hadis-hadis sebagai dimuat dalam kitab-kitab hadis induk atau standard dan hadis-hadis sebagai dimuat dalam kitab-kitab hadis nukilan.
- Kitab-kitab Hadis Induk. Pada klasifikasi kitab hadis yang pertama ini, sejumlah kitab yang ada di Indonesia dapat disebutkan di bawah ini. Pertama yang ada di dalam Kitab 9 atau 10 dan pengembangannya. Kedua, yang ada diluar itu yang sedang dibukukan.
Pertama, Kitab Sembilan atau 15 yang beredar di Indonesia
- Shahih al-Bukhari, karya Imam al-Bukhari (w. 256 H);
- Shahih Muslim, karya Imam Muslim (w. 261 H);
- Sunan Abi Daud, karya Imam Abu Daud (w. 275 H);
- Sunan at-Turmudzi, karya Imam at-Turmudzi (w. 279 H);
- Sunan al-Nasa’i, karya Imam al-Nasa’i (w. 303 H);
- Sunan Ibn Majah, karya Ibnu Majah (w. 274 H);
- Sunan al-Darimi, karya Imam al-Darimi (w. 255 H);
- al-Muwaththa Malik, karya Imam Malik (w. 179 H);
- Musnad Ahmad, karya Imam Ahmad (w. 241 H); Enam kitab lain, yang beredar di Indonesia
- Sunan al-Shaghir, karya Imam al-Baihaq (w. 458 H);
- Shahih Ibnu Khuzaimah karya Abu Bakar Ibn Khuzaimah al-Naisaburi (w. 311 H);
- al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Shahihain al-Hakim, karya Muhammad al-Hakim al-Naisaburi (w. 405 H).
- Kitab al-Mu’jam al-Shaghir al-Thabrani, karya Sulaiman bin Ahmad al-Thabrani (w. 360 H);
- Kitab al-Umm, karya Imam al-Syafi’i (w. 204 H);
- Kitab al-Kafi, karya Muhammad bin Ya’kub al-Kulaini al-Razi (w. 328 H).
Kedua, Kitab Induk selain yang 10 atau 15 di atas; dibahas dalam kesempatan lain.
- Kitab-Kitab Hadis Nukilan. Pada klasifikasi kitab yang kedua ini, sejumlah kitab hadis yang sudah bermunculan di Indonesia antara lain adalah:
- Kiab Riyadhus Shalihin, karya Syakh al-Islam Muhyiddin Abi Zakariyyak Yahya bin Syarf al-Nawawi
- Kitab Bulughul Maram,
- Kitab Hadis Arbain an-Nawawi,
- Kitab al-Adzkar, dll
Pertama, Hadis-hadis Dalam Kitab Hadis Standard. Dalam perkembangan kitab-kitab hadis jenis induk ini, yang sudah banyak beredar di Indonesia, dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk kitab-kitab berikut ini;
- Hadis: Batas Waktu Berceramah dan Fakta Data dari Nabi Saw
Menyampaikan ajaran agama atau berdakwah dengan metode ceramah, adalah menyajikan suatu uraian di dalam waktu dan tempat yang terbatas. Dari itu, banyak hal berkenaan dengan kreteria pemilihan materi ceramah dan tempat memilihnya (dalam studi hadis) yang perlu dipegangi agar uraiannya dapat disampaikan secara elegan, benar fan ba
Menceramahkan ajaran keislaman selain dituntut untuk dapat fokus (sesuai waktu dan tempatnya yang terbatas) juga dituntut menyampaikan data-data hadis yang memang nyata-nyata berasal dari Nabi saw.
Indikator bahwa hadis yang diceramahkan itu berasal dari Nabi saw di masa sekarang, berdasarkan keterangan teoritik dari studi ilmu hadis dikenal dengan sebutan hadis sahih, hadis hasan, atau hadis dhaif yang diduga keras memiliki nilai-nilai kebenaran. Namun, yang derajatnya berada di atas ini semua, dikenal dengan hadis mutawatir. Hadis yang terakhir ini, dipandang sudah dipahami semua.
–Hadis Shabih: memiliki ciri-ciri (lima spt dibahas dallam studi ilmu hadis)
-Hadis Hasan: memiliki ciri-ciri sda (Namun kedhabitannya di bawah yang shahih)
-Hadis Dhaif: memiliki ciri-ciri mirip hadis shahih dan hasan, namun mengandung kelemahan dalam persambungan periwayatan.
-Ungkapan Tokoh: seperti imam al-Suyafi’i, jelas bukanlah hadis.
-Pepatah: nukilan ungkapan yang sudah diketahui statusnya yang bukan hadis Nabi saw.
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