Niat dan Kehidupan Unggul
Nabi saw bersabda, Innamal A’maalu bin Niyyaat wainnamaa Likullimri-in Ma Nawaa; ‘Sesungguhnya amal perbuatan itu hanya tergantung dengan niat, dan sesugguhnya pada setiap orang itu hanya tergantung (pahalanya) dengan apa yang dia niatkan.’ (H.R. Muttafaq ‘Alaih, riwayat dari Umar bin al-Khattab).
Niat di dalam kehidupan menempati tempat penting. Kepentingan niat bukan saja terkait dengan persoalan ibadah saja, tetapi bisa mengait ke hal-hal yang di luar ibadat seperti apa yang awalnya disebut sebagai adat; yang karena dikaitkan dengan niat yang benar maka posisi ibadat itu naik. Jadilah yang tadi statusnya adat, meningkat naik menjadi bernilai ibadah atau ibadat.
Niat terhubung dengan banyak tempat dalam ibadat. Yang tergolong ibadat saja seperti salat, semuanya memakai niat. Salat zhuhur, ashar, maghrib, isyak, dan subuh jelas memakai niat. Tempat niat ada di hati. Tepatnya ketika kita melakukan salat, seperti ketika mengangkat tangan Allahu Akbar; di antara Allah dan Akbar bisa dimantapkan niat kita dalam melakukan salat. Jadilah salat itu benar-benar ibadah yang terhubung langsung dengan Allah. Jadilah dengan niat yang benar dan baik, kita bersalat zhuhur, ashar, maghrib, isyak, dan subuh. Begitu halnya niat dari salat-salat lain seperti salat tarawih, salat witir, salat sunnah rawatib, salat sunnat tasbih, dan salat-salat sunnah yang lain.
Amaliah mahdhah (murni; amal utama) yang lain juga memakai niat. Zakat, puasa, serta haji mengikuti ketentuan itu dalam menggunakan niat. Pada dasarnya niat itu dilakukan bersamaan dengan “permulaanl” mengerjakan perbuatan itu. Itu bagi yang memung-kinkan menyamakan antara niat dan amaliahnya itu. Namun, jika tidak mungkin maka kita cari dasar pijakannya dalam melakukan amaliah. Zakat, bisa dilakukan di saat awal menyerahkan zakat mal atau zakat fitrah tatkala dikeluarkan kepada yang lain. Tentu tidak demikian dengan puasa, yang waktu terjadinya baru setelah masuk waktu fajar, padahal makan saurnya tidak bisa bersamaan waktu dengan saat berlakunya ibadah puasa. Untuk itu, maka niat puasanya dilakukan pada malam hari. Maka siapa yang niatnya tidak dilakukan pada malam hari; sebelum dan ketika makan sahur maka puasanya tidak sah. Sabda Nabi saw, Man lam yubayyitis shiyaam falaa shiyaama lah, ‘Siapa yang tidak melakukan niat pada malam hari puasa maka ibadah puasanya adalah tidak sah.’
Dari Adat Menjadilah Ibadat
Niat juga bisa mendongkrak nilai pahala. Perbuatan yang asalnya adat, bisa meningkat menjadi ibadat karena di dalamnya diproseskan niat. Mandi misalnya, kita biasa mandi sehari di waktu pagi dan sore karena itu biasa dilakukan dalam tradisi mandi orang sehari hari. Dengan mandi maka badan menjadi segar. Dari situlah tradisi mandi menjadi perbuatan yang lazim dalam adat kebiasaan mandi harian. Namun, jika mandi itu dilakukan karena untuk menghilangkan hadas besar maka niat mandinya sudah lain keadaannya. Mandi tersebut sudah meningkat dari mandi adat yang hanya beroleh segar menjadi mandi ibadah yang berpahala mengerjakannya.
Begitu pula dengan makan sore yang dilakukan sehari hari. Dengan makan sore, maka fisik menjadi kenyang, kuat, serta bersemangat menunaikan tugas kerja harian, namun tidak ada dampak nilai apa-apa. Namun jika makan demikian diniatkan untuk berbuka puasa dan memberi jamuan bagi orang-orang yang beribadah puasa, maka makan yang demikian sudah terhubung dengan niat yang bernilai pahala bagi yang mengerjakannya.
Mewujudkan Nilai Unggul
Bagi ibadah mahdhah, tanpa niat jelas perbuatannya tidak bernilai. Tanpa niat, bagi ibadah ini tidak ada bekasnya bagi kehidupan di hari kemudian, karena amaliahnya tidak sah. Akan tetapi, bagi ibadah yang ghairu mahdhah, niat itu mempunyai peranan, mempunyai fungsi, yaitu membawa perbuatan itu nilainya meningkat. Bukan sekedar mendapat pahala perbuatan, melainkan akan bersambung dari tingkatan adat ke kehi- hidupan di atasnya, yang mengantarkan ke kehidupan dunia dan akhirat.
Ikhlas: Tiket untuk Kehidupan Akhirat
Amaliah apa pun yang dilakukan, termasuk mahdhah atau ghairu mahdhah, bisa hanya sampai di dunia maupun hingga di akhirat. Pelakunya hanya melakukan dengan curahan tenaga tetapi tidak berhasil, bisa juga membawa hasil berupa harapan untuk kehidupan akhirat, karena bersambung dengan pahala niat. Yaitu niat melakukan sesu- atu perbuatan yang diarahkan karena Allah Swt. Dalam melakukan perbuatan, ibadah atau adat, pamrih kepada sesama makhluk seperti karena ingin dipuji yang lain, atau karena mendapatkan sanjungan atas perbuatannya, maka itu dinilai riyak. Perbuatannya tidak menghasilkan pahala.
Akan tetapi, kalau perbuatan pamrihnya itu karena Allah seperti untuk mengharapkan ridha Allah, maka dibolehkan. Dan malah itu yang menjadi tujuan. Artinya, amalnya itu diterima untuk mengangkat perbuatannya menjadi amaliah ibadah, yang pahalanya disediakan oleh Allah Swt. Jadi pamrih kepada Allah Swt itu boleh. Sedang pamrih kepada manusia itu tidak boleh.
Niat Mendongkrak Prestadi
Niat orang beriman erat kaitannya dengan prestasi. Dengan niat, hati muknin terdorong kuat menyatakan komitmen yang dilaksanakan sungguh-sungguh bagi diselesaikannya suatu perbuatan. Dari niat yang benar, apa-apa yang dilakukan dengan kesengajaan menjadi amaliah yang bernilai; bisa diselesaikan dengan tuntas. Pekerjaan yang dilakukan dengan tuntas, yang tentu dalam kontrol Allah dan kesadaran dirinya, menjadi kan perbuatannya bermakna baik bagi dirinya maupun, tentu bagi Allah Swt.
Unggul atau Malah Gagal
Melakukan amaliah apapun mesti disertai ilmu. Sebab dengan bekal ilmu kita mengetahui mana amal yang diterima Allah Swt dan mana yang ditolak. Karena tidak termasuk amal yang diterima, sekalipun sudah menggunakan niat. Dalam dialog hadis, lanjutan di atas, kepada Rasulullah saw dimajukan pertanyaan: bagaimana bila ada orang yang melakukan hijrah bukan dengan niat mencari ridha Allah dan Rasulnya; apa hijrahnya dapat diterima?
Menjawab pertanyaan itu, Rasulullah saw bersabda:
فمن كانت هجرته الى الله ورسوله فهجرته الى الله ورسوله ومن كانت هجرته الى دنىا يصيبها اوا مرأة ينكحها
فهجرته الى ما ها جر اليه. متفق عليه
Siapapun yang berhijrah dengan niat untuk memperoleh rida Allah dan Rasulullah maka hijrahnya diterima, dan siapapun yang hijrahnya bermotif duniawi atau untuk mencari istri yang akan dinikainya, maka hijrahnya sesuai dengan yang diniatkan. (H.R. al-Bukhari dan Muslim).
Dari hadis di atas kita memperoleh penjelasan. Kemungkinan dari hasil niat itu ada dua, diterima atau ditolak. Penerimaan atas niat karena dilakukan dengan maksud memperoleh rida Allah dan Rasulullah, sedang ditlaknya yang berarti gagal adalah karena bermotif untuk kepentingan duniawi ataupun untuk memperoleh istri.
Jadi motif niat yang lillah itu membawa pelakunya unggul, sedang motif selain Allah dapat menyeretnya ke arah gagal. Perilakunya tetap berjalan, hanya tidak akan menyam paikan pelakunya ke pintu keberhasilan dalam kehidupan di akhirat.
Akhirnya, mari kita pahami perlunya bobot atas perbuatan yang dilakukan. Jika amal perbuatan itu amaliah mahdhah, yang benar-benar diproses dengan niat menjadi perilaku yang benar maka ia menjadi ibadah sah dan pelakunya akan menerima pahala. Sedangkan amal yang semula berasal dari ibadah ghairu mahdhah, akan meningkat bernilai ibadah yang berpahala, yang diakui dan dianugerahi pahala oleh Allah Swt, juga karena prosesnya tepat dalam berniat. Jadi, di dalam amaliah yang disertai niat, suatu amaliah dimasukkan sebagai amaliah yang benar, yang mengandung harapan mendapat pahala dari Allah Swt (Erfan Soebahar, 21 Juli 2013).
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