Ciri-Ciri Utama: Dari Puasa Ramadan yang Berhasil
Puasa adalah tugas suci bagi orang beriman yang diberi pahala khusus oleh Allah. Puasa Ramadhan, demikian yang dimaksud di sini, adalah puasa yang memang dinanti-nanti oleh setiap mukmin, karena ia hanya datang sekali dalam setahun. Waktunya hanya sebulan, sedang pahalanya hanya Allah yang Maha Tahu seperti apa besarnya. Jika pada bulan-bulan yang lain tidak ada puasa yang diwajibkan berpuasa (kecuali puasa qadha dan nadzar), maka di Ramadhan puasanya diwajibkan oleh Allah Swt.
Puasa Ramadhan syari’atnya telah disampaikan dalam Al-Qur’an dan Hadis yang pelak-sanaannya dipraktekan para sahabat, supaya menjadi mukmin muttaqin. Menjadi mukmin yang nyata taqwanya kepada Allah. Maka berbahagialah mereka yang dalam puasa telah mengikuti jalan yang ditunjuki Nabi saw; tidak sekadar pertimbangan akalnya sendiri. Karena melaksanakan puasa namun tidak yang dikehendaki syara’ bisa jadi membawa puasa hanya membuat kita lapar dan dahaga, tetapi meleset dari nilai yang layak diberi pahala besar karena tidak tertutup dari kemelesetan pandangan nalar.
Puasa dengan Niat dan Menahan
Puasa Ramadan yang tepat kita laksanakan hanyalah yang memenuhi syarat dan rukun. Apabila orang yang berpuasa ini disyaratkan harus muslim, maka berangkat dari diri muslim itulah kita penuhi prasyarat diri bagi melaksanakan ibadah puasa. Manakala sudah memenuhi syarat itu, tinggal memenuhi rukun dan etika ibadah puasa itu sendiri.
Orang berpuasa amaliah puasanya bernilai manakala telah berniat. Niat orang puasa itu memiliki daya, yaitu daya dorong dan daya tahan diri, yang dari sini menentukan bisa berhasil atau tidaknya orang dalam melaksanakan ibadah puasa. Dari niat yang benar, seseorang dapat tertata kemauan dan kualitas aktivitasnya dari sehari ke sehari sampai puasanya benar-benar dapat berlangsung baik sampai selesai. Soal niat ini — bagi kesuksesan puasa — tidak bisa ditawar-tawar, karena niat yang tulus adalah penentu awal keberhasilan puasa. Nabi saw bersabda, “Siapa saja yang tidak melakukan niat puasa pada malam hari Ramadan maka sia-siala puasanya.” Jelasnya, puasa seseorang jika tanpa niat tidak memiliki pahala apapun.
Dari keterangan di atas, maka puasa mesti diperhatikan betul-betul kesempurnaannya. Dalam rangka melaksanakan puasa Ramadan, kita selain melakukan niat berpuasa ketika saur, juga harus memenuhi rukun kedua puasa.
Rukun kedua puasa adalah menahan diri. Para ulama ahli fiqih menjelaskan bahwa puasa itu ialah menahan diri dari segala yang membatalkan puasa seperti makan, minum, melakukan hubungan sebadan, dan [perbuatan maksiat] pada waktu berpuasa, yakni sejak terbitnya fajar sampai dengan terbenamnya matahari. Jadi, menahan yang dimaksud mencakup latihan menahan secara fisik juga psikis yang terus dibiasakan.
Dari keterangan di atas jelas puasa tidak bermaksud menjadikan orang lapar dan sulit. Akan tetapi, puasa itu untuk menyiapkan kita menjadi orang yang terdidik dan terlatih. Yaitu terdidik hidup berangkat dari niat yang tepat dan benar untuk dapat hidup teruji, sehingga jika berhadapan dengan lapar dan dahaga kita tidak mudah patah arang, dan tetap kuat kemauan menuju keberhasilan dalam kehidupan. Dengan terus melatih daya tahan, seseorang tidak mudah menyerah oleh kesulitan; tidak mudah putus asa ketika kepadanya dihadapkan suatu persoalan di dalam kehidupan.
Dengan berpuasa, orang memiliki mentalitas sabar. Yaitu mental kuat dan tahan atas segala gangguan yang menghadang ketika kita mencapai tujuan. Jangankan hanya menghadapi gangguan melihat orang lain makan dan minum, gangguan mengajak ngobrol dengan kata-kata jelek, ghaibah, bertengkar dan nyombong pun kita sanggup menahannya, sebab puasa telah membentengi kita dengan sikap sabar.
Maka sabar adalah perisai bagi shaimun. Puasa memiliki daya tangkal bagi pelakunya. Dirinya punya sikap dan etika yang dipegangi dengan sabar. Tidak mau hanya puasa dengan tanpa bersaur. Tidak mau ngelantur bicara yang berbau maksiat, karena sadar bahwa dirinya tengah puasa. Juga tidak mau mengorbankan kesihatan badan dengan mutih ketika berpuasa. Dirinya hanya memegangi panduan puasa yang nyata diajarkan atau ditunjuji oleh Nabi saw, karena sifat sabarnya punya jaminan surga.
Ukuran Keberhasilan
Dari uraian di atas jelaslah kepada kita mengenai gambaran dari praktek ibadah puasa. Gambarannya bukan yang lepas-lepas, melainkan dalam corak utuh yang dapat dilihat secara gamblang. Apa saja pengukur keberhasilan ibadah puasa kita?
Pengukur keberhasilan puasa paling tidak dapat dilihat dari tiga hal, sebagai patokan-patokan keberhasilan, yang bisa dipegangi oleh shaimun (orang yang berpuasa) yaitu:
Pertama, puasa itu menjadikan pelakunya semakin kokoh keimanan dan kedekatan hubungan dengan Allah Swt. Segenap shaimun sudah memiliki kemampuan menjaga diri secara baik, baik dalam hubungan vertikal dengan Penciptanya maupun dalam hubungan horizonlal. Perbuatannya sudah mencerminkan indikator beriman kepada yang ghaib, mendirikan shalat wajib dan sunnah, mengeluarkan zakat, suka berinfak, dan punya keyakinan yang imanan mantap pada kehidupan akhirat. Pendek kata, shaimun itu sudah mematri jiwa taqwallah dalam kehidupannya.
Kedua, pelaksanaan puasanya telah memenuhi syarat dan rukunnya. Selain terbukti dirinya muslim, puasanya di samping dilakukan dengan niat yang tepat dan memenuhi aktivitas menahan diri secara phisikal dan psikhis, juga dilakukan sesuai petunjuk Nabi saw. Karena petunjuk Nabi saw adalah berisi bukan saja mengenai aspek fisik pelaku puasa, melainkan juga menyangkut psikhisnya, sehingga pelaku puasa yang benar dengan berpuasa, dirinya akan sehat lahiriah dan sehat bathiniah.
Ketiga, puasa dilaksanakan dengan amalan sunnah secara ikhlas selama sebulan penuh. Puasa yang berhasil tidak hanya menyiratkan takwa yang tidak tuntas, memenuhi syarat-rukun dalam hanya sebagian pelaksanaan amaliahnya, tetapi mesti juga dilaksanakan secara sempurna dari awal sampai akhir Ramadan. Di sini, tidak bisa disebut lengkap ibadah puasa seseorang, jika misalnya: puasa hanya dilaksanakan di awal dan di akhir bulan (puasa kendang). Jelasnya, puasanya adalah puasa yang sempur na sebulan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan kemampuan kita masing-masing.
Keempat, puasa dipungkasi dengan mengeluarkan zakat. Selain mengeluarkan zakat mal sebagai bukti kemuslimannya juga mengeluarkan zakat fitrah. Zakat fitrah adalah zakat yang ditunaikan sunnahnya di akhir ramadan setelah waktu fajar sebelum salat Idul Fitri, sedang kewajibannya sudah bisa diselesaikan sejak awal bulan Ramadhan. Jumlahnya hanya sekitar 2,5 kg beras, dari jenis makanan yang biasa kita konsumsi sehari-hari.
Pada akhirnya, puasa yang berhasil sebenarnya dapat dicapai siapa pun orang-orang mukmin yang telah bertekad kuat untuk menyelesaikannya. Puasa Ramadan demikian bulan hanya monopoli orang-orang hebat tertentu, melainkan hak orang-orang mukmin yang dari upaya dan tekadnya yang sungguh-sungguh mendatangkan kerelaan Allah atas para hamba-Nya. Dari situlah, Rahman dan Rahim Allah, dianugerahkan kepada para mukmin melalui limpangan anugerah khusus, sebagai tanda penerimaan atau keberhasilannya dalam berpuasa.
Semoga kita termasuk orang mukmin yang berhasil memperoleh keridhaan Allah, yang secara eksplisit tertuang dalam pemberian pahala khusus Allah Swt kepada orang-orang yang melaksanakan ibadah puasa. Dan puasa kita membawa dapak positif bagi keberhasilan hidup kita dalam 11 bulan yang berikutnya, Amin (Erfan Subahar).
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