Hadis tentang Mencari Ilmu di Negeri Cina
Mencari ilmu di dalam Islam adalah wajib. Ketentuan wajib ini sudah menjadi kesadaran bersama dalam melaksanakan ajaran Islam, sehingga di mana pun berdomisili, ketentuan wajib ini sudah luas dipahami. Ketentuan wajib, sudah menjadi pegangan bersama di dalam kehidupan sebagai ketentuan agama. Baik terhadap ilmu fardu ‘ain ataupun ilmu fardhu kifayah, sama disadari ketentuan wajibnya. Dengan ungkapan lain, keharusan mencari ilmu itu di dalam Islam menjadi ungkapan yang berlaku bagi seluruh umat.
Mengetahui kewajiban mencari ilmu, tidak otomatis menjadi sebab ketahuan kita pada validitas sumber hukum pegangan ajaran. Sebut saja misalnya itu tentang hadis. Apakah sumber yang disebut hadis yang dipegangi ketika itu memang berasal dari Nabi atau sumber itu malah justru bukan dari Nabi? Suatu ungkapan perintah yang bersifat umum, kadang belum sepenuhnya mengandung jawaban tentang validitas nilai dasariah perintah itu. Dari situ beberapa pertanyaan kerap dicari jawabnya oleh orang yang berkecimpung di dalam ketentuan mengenai kewajiban yang diketahuinya itu. Misalnya kalau ada kewajiban mencari ilmu, kita butuh menemukan jawab pertanyaan di seputar ilmu itu, benarkah hukumnya mencarinya memang wajib. Atau kalau hukum mencari ilmu itu memang wajib, maka di manakah tempat kita mencari ilmu yang wajib itu?
Dengan memperoleh jawaban yang dicari, biasanya kita langsung puas begitu saja. Misalnya, kita sudah puas dengan adanya jawaban yang diperoleh. Di luar dugaan, ada ketentuan cukup mudah yang menjawab apa yang masih “blank” di dalam benak kita. Dengan tanpa nalar kritis, bisa saja suatu ketentuan langsung saja berkembang dan terkenal masuk dalam khazanah keilmuan kita. Umpamanya, adanya sebuah informasi umum, yang selalu dikaitkan sebagai berasal dari Nabi saw. Katanya,
اُطْلُبُواالْعِلْمَ وَلَوْبِالصِّيْنِ–
Artinya; Carilah oleh kalian ilmu pengetahuan walaupun di NegeriCina.
Dengan tanpa berpikir panjang, begitu ada ungkapan yang berbau perintah, kita kadang sudah merasa cukup. Daya kritis sering tidak lagi tertantang untuk mencari tahu dari mana datangnya perintah itu. Termasuk tidak mencari tahu benar atau tidakkah perintah itu dilihat dari segi datang (wurud)nya sumber?
Dari situ, dapat dimaklumi bila “ketentuan” itu beredar di antara kita selama bertahun- tahun. Bahkan sudah berlangsung puluhan hingga beratus-ratus tahun, berjalan saja, sebagai suatu ketentuan yang tak perlu dipernyakan.
Hingga akhirnya, menjadilah ia “ketentuan” yang dipegangi bersama, dan dipegangi isinya sebagai “wajib.” Karena dilihat dari bentuk kalimatnya adalah kalimat perintah (amar). Atau di situ berupa amar yang memiliki keberlakuan umum. Tanpa daya kritis, dianggaplah ketentuan itu adalah ketentuan umum yang tidak boleh tidak mesti ditaati.
Ketika suatu ketika datang daya kritis, di siti timbul pertanyaan: ungkapan itu adalah hadis ataukah hanya ungkapan seorang tokoh? Maka pertanyaan ini tidak mudah dijawab. Karena sejauh ini ketentuan dimaksud sudah berjalan dan berlaku begitu luas. Sementara daya kritis sudah tidak terlalu banyak yang mempersoalkan. Belum lagi adanya pikiran, bahwa ungkapannya khan tidak bertentangan dengan Al-Qur’an misalnya. Atau ungkapannya, khan tidak bertentangan dengan hadis Nabi yang lain. Maka untuk apa ia dipersoalkan.
Untuk melihat dari dekat bagaimana sebenarnya kedudukan ungkapan itu. Dia sekadar ungkapan tokoh atau sudah benar-benar adalah hadis Nabi saw? maka ungkapan itu perlu kita cermati, sehingga benar-benar diketahui apakah dia memang hanya ungkapan terkenal yang dikemukakan oleh tokoh terkemuka umat, atau memang ungkapan yang berasal dari hadis Nabi saw.
Ungkapan itu, kita teliti lebih lanjut sebagai suatu naskah penelitian. Pada kesempatan ini akan kita masukkan sebagai penerlitian yang pertama (Erfan Soebahar; 30 Agustus 2013).
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