Menyiapkan Bekal bagi Pemula dalam Penelitian Hadis
Pada semester genap 2012-2013, di Fakultas Tarbiyah, ada perkembangan dalam Studi Ilmu Hadis. Perkembangan ini sudah ditunggu-tunggu, yaitu diberlakukannya matakuliah Naqdul Hadits. Yang populer dengan nama kerennya Penelitian Hadis; mata kuliah yang dulunya hanya diajarkan di Fakultas Ushuluddin. Kini ia juga dijarkan di Fakultas Tarbiyah. Kuliah Naqdul Hadits ini tak lain dari penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap hadis-hadis Nabi saw di kitab mana saja hadis itu berada, atau ditemukan dalam penelu- suran.
Kebetulan matakuliah ini dipercayakan kepada saya, untuk mengajar di tiga kelas. Karena masih baru maka dapat dipahami bisa masing-masing dari kelompok, marasa seperti ada yang asing sehingga terkesan begitu menantang dalam pelaksanakan. Keasingan selain dirasakan pada istilah-istilahnya, kitabnya, juga pendekatan yang digunakan dalam melakukan penelitian.
Banyak masalah yang ditanyakan peserta didik: apakah memang benar hadis Nabi saw itu dapat diteliti? Kalau memang benar dapat diteliti, bagaimana kita menggali datanya? Bagaimana cara menggali data hadis itu? Kalau data itu memang dapat digali, dapatkah ia disederhanakan sehingga memudahkan peneliti menganalisis data? Paling tidak pertanyaan inilah yang akan dijawab dalam memberi belkal melalui artikel sederhana ini.
Hadis dapat diteliti, benarkah?
Bagi yang belum menyaksikan penelitian hadis, atau bagi para pemula, pertanyaan tentang dapatnya hadis diteliti adalah kerap muncul. Bahkan, bagi para penanya, pertanyaan ini diajukan disertai keheran-heranan, yang nyaris tidak percaya. Masak iya, hadis itu dapat diteliti? Hewan baru apa pula ini, dan banyak hal yang sejenis.
Namun ketika dijelaskan, bahwa hadis yang diteliti itu adalah hadis yang berstatus Ahad, yang kebenarannya bertaraf mungkin; bukan hadis yang mutawatir, maka pertanyaan lain sering muncul: Di tempat mana saja datanya dapat digali, bukankah Nabi saw sudah wafat?
Penggalian data, diproses melalui takhrij
Banyak sumber dapat yang dapat ditelusuri sebagai tempat penggalian data, terutama dari data dokumen atau kepustakaan. Ketika kita melakukan takhrij, paling tidak ada dua pandangan yang dibentangkan oleh para ahli hadis. Satu pandangan menyampaikan bagaimana data itu dicari melalui topik (takhrij bil-maudhu’), berdampingan dengan yang melalui lafal (takhrij bil-lafzh). Sementara pandangan lain, membentangkan kemungkinan menggali data penelitian melalui salah satu dari lima cara seperti melalui athraf, kata paling awal dari matan.
Dari dua cara itu, cara kedualah yang banyak digunakan. Terutama jika penelitiannya bukan di hadis-hadis yang diambil dari kitab standard yang enam (kutub al-sittah), kitab standard yang tujuh (kutub al-sab’ah), kitab standard yang sembilan (kutub al-tis’ah). Karena kalau kitab standar yang sembilan, ia hanya berkaitan dengan kitab-kitab yang dapat ditelusuri proses penggaliannnya melalui penelusuran di kitab al-Mu’jam al-Mufah ras li Alfazh al-Hadits al-Nabawi karya A.J. Wensikh dkk.
Sedang yang berada di luar kitab yang sembilan itu, ia dapat diteliti dengan menelusuri teknik pencarian data yang diungkap oleh Al-Thahhan di dalam kitab Thuruqu al-Takhrij. Yang terpenting, diketahui dengan tepat dan benar apa matan hadis yang akan kita cari melalui penelitian kita. Maka sejumlah data bisa ditelusuri di sejumlah kitab melalui penelusuran program digital seperti Makhtabah Syamilah; yaitu di antara ribuah kitab yang dimuat dalam kitab itu. Dengan memilih keseluruhan kitab (al-Majmu’ah), maka harapan untuk menemukan apa yang kita teliti akan bertemu dengan kenyataan, bahkan hingga halaman dari data yang dicari.
Begitu data ditemukan, penelitian tentu tidak berhenti di situ. data dimaksud, lalu diseleleksi, diklasifikasi dalam lajur-lajur setelah dipilah-pilah sebelumnya dengan benar, sehingga langkah selanjutnya dilakukan membuat i’tibar sanad dan skema penelitian.
Penyederhanaan data?
Dalam meneliti hadis, benarkah datanya dapat disederhanakan; apa itu tidak lancang yaitu “melakukan reduksi” terhadap hadis yang notabenenya berasal dari Nabi?
Sebuah laporan penelitian, adalah upaya mengungkap data dengan pemahaman yang mudah, teliti, hati-hati dan valid. Pekerjaan itu tentu perlu dilakukan dengan hati-hati. Karena untuk dapatnya membuat i’tibar (pengenalan detail tentang tokoh periwayat) dan membuat skema maka penyederhanaan pekerjaan ke hal-hal yang paling inti kita perlu mengenalinya.
Dari situ maka langkah penyederhanaan bukan merupakan suatu yang menyalahi aturan atau ketentuan nash termasuk hadis Nabi. Dengan penyederhanaan dapatlah dilakukan dua pekerjaan ini sekaligus, yaitu membuat tabel data, dan sekaligus skemanya.
Pekerjaan mereduksi data yang diikuti dengan pembuatan tabel dan skema, menjadikan tugas meneliti mudah mengenali dan memahaminya, sehingga mempermudah mengerti adanya ketersambungan hadis dengan Nabi ataukah tidak bersambung. Bahkan untuk memetik pemahaman hadisnya (fiqhul hadits), hal itu menjadi lebih mudah.
Melanjutkan Peneltian, Dapat Dilanjutkan
Dari penjelasan di atas, pekerjaan penelitian hadis dengan itu tentu dapat Anda lakukan. Dengan banyak berlatih dan tekun dalam meneliti yang tepat dan benar, maka banyak peluang dapat dihasilkan dari penelitian kita. Data dan fakta hadis dapat digali, juga dapat ditelusuri untuk diklasifikasikan, disederhanakan, sehingga mempermudah untuk ditariknya penyimpulan dari pembahasan kita.
Bagaimana sudah ada gambaran yang memahamkan bagi kita? Silakan Anda melakukan penelitian lanjut semoga dapat melangsungkannya dengan lancar dan sukses seperti yang direncanakan (Erfan Soebahar; 19-6-2013).
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